Open vs Closed Systems in Pharmaceuticals – Things to Consider Regarding 21 CFR Part 11 Adherence

Photo by Tima Miroshnichenko If you've taken General Chemistry or Physics at any point, you are probably familiar with "systems" as referred to in thermodynamics. It is the study of energy and matter transfer that occurs in molecules or a collection or network of molecules. In Thermodynamics, an open system means both energy and matter …

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Batch to Continuous Manufacturing Processes

What are some of the decision-making tools that would allow you to move from batch processing to more continuous drug substance manufacturing? Over the last few years and especially after the emergence of COVID-19, interest in this topic has increased significantly. Companies are looking for ways to respond to needs from existing customers but also …

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Bread and Tissue Engineering have a lot in common

Did you know that the ancient art of bread making; artisan bread, is contributing to science in a big way? Specifically, studying the use of bread as a biomaterial scaffold is helping innovate tissue engineering methods. To be quick, instead of making the bread using the basic ingredients of flour, water, salt, and yeast like …

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